Confucius (or Kongzi) was a Chinese philosopher who lived in the 6th century BCE and whose thoughts, expressed in the philosophy of Confucianism, have influenced Chinese culture right up to the present day. Confucius has become a larger-than-life figure and it is difficult to separate reality from myth. He is considered the first teacher and his teachings are usually expressed in short phrases which are open to various interpretations. Chief among his philosophical ideas is the importance of a virtuous life, filial piety, and ancestor worship. He also emphasized it is the necessity for benevolent and frugal rulers, the importance of inner moral harmony and its direct connection with harmony in the physical world and that rulers and teachers are important role models for wider society.

The main principle of Confucius's teachings is ren, which describes that people should behave in a loving, selfless, and moral way. One of the main teachings of Confucius was the Five Key Relationships. Confucius believed that if people followed these guidelines and respected the social order it would create a peaceful and orderly society. It is based on filial piety, or unending respect and devotion to children, especially sons, to their parents and family. To Confucius respecting ones' parents was more important than getting an education.